The global naval warfare arena has been undergoing a rule-breaking transformation in recent years. Low-cost kamikaze drones and loiter munitions, acquired by non-state armed actors as well as traditional state actors, have come to directly threaten even modern warships that conquer the oceans and seas. These asymmetric threats, launched from long distances and operating in swarm tactics, are forcing naval forces into a radical doctrinal and design shift. No longer just open-sea combat, but also littoral operations harbor scenarios that directly question the survivability of surface platforms.

Technical Capacity and Field Balances

Conclusion and Future Perspective